The GiveWell Blog

Room for more funding and fungibility: From the horse’s mouth

(updated on: ) | by Holden

We’ve previously argued that the “headline program” a charity uses to raise money may not be the one you’re effectively funding with donations – even if your donations are formally restricted to that program. (See our full series on the topic).

Now the Chronicle of Philanthropy quotes a fundraiser saying exactly the same thing, as a suggestion for charities rather than a warning for donors.

    Nonprofit organizations’ biggest concern with the approach Kiva and DonorsChoose take is that it brings in donations that must be used for a specific purpose, rather than undesignated gifts that can finance anything, including overhead expenses.
    But that’s an accounting issue, not a fund-raising issue, argues Michael Cervino, vice president of Beaconfire Consulting, in Arlington, Va.
    “If you’re already planning as an organization to spend money on A, B, and C programs at a certain level, then there is no reason not to use that program as a poster child for your fund-raising efforts,” he says. “Go ahead and raise that money. You’re going to spend it there.”

Charity reviews vs. movie reviews

(updated on: ) | by Holden

Note: I posted most of this post last night as a comment.

There has been some interesting back-and-forth in the comments lately between Laura Deaton and me (see the Should Charity Evaluation be “fair”? thread). Laura seems worried that by issuing ratings and a list of “top” charities, we are implying a level of objectivity and reliability that “overpromises” and can mislead donors. I believe it is a somewhat common concern behind many people’s uncomfortability with the growing interest in charity evaluation.

I think it is helpful to think about how reviews, “top” lists, and evaluations are seen in other domains. For example, movies:

  • Movie reviewers share both quantified, judgmental “ratings” and (some of) the reasoning behind their ratings.
  • Reviews involve substantial judgment calls.
  • Some people read the reviews to get a sense of the reviewers’ values, biases, etc. and decide for themselves how much to weigh them. Some people just look at the ratings.
  • Movie reviewers will sometimes put out a “X best movies of the year” list, even though they haven’t even seen all (or even a substantial portion of) the movies made in a year.
  • Large information providers, including both newspapers and aggregators such as Metacritic/Rotten Tomatoes, will collect the opinions of many movie reviewers in one place and offer them up as a service to people deciding which movies to watch. They will put their name behind the reviews even though they don’t endorse every word of them.
  • The whole system seems to be valuable to a lot of people and to be clearly superior to alternatives such as (a) ratings provided without any reasoning; (b) ratings based on purely objective criteria such as “percent of film budget spent on actors’ salaries”; (c) ratings withheld entirely out of concern for misleading overly impressionable viewers.

Similar systems exist for a lot of consumer decisions.

Any metaphor breaks down and I wouldn’t want this one taken too far. But it seems appropriate for the question at hand, which is whether we are “overpromising” by issuing ratings, evaluations and “top charities” lists. Based on what these terms mean in other domains, I think we are closer to overdelivering.

Added 4/21/2010: I realized after writing this that Tactical Philanthropy made a similar argument in 2007.

No interest rate is too high

(updated on: ) | by Holden

Recent coverage of microfinance has had a sharp focus on interest rates, implying some line between “reasonable” interest (associated with “social investment”) and “excessive” interest (associated with “loan sharking”).

    In Nicaragua, President Daniel Ortega, outraged that interest rates there were hovering around 35 percent in 2008, announced that he would back a microfinance institution that would charge 8 to 10 percent, using Venezuelan money …
    Damian von Stauffenberg, who founded an independent rating agency called Microrate, said that local conditions had to be taken into account, but that any firm charging 20 to 30 percent above the market was “unconscionable” and that profit rates above 30 percent should be considered high.
    Mr. Yunus says interest rates should be 10 to 15 percent above the cost of raising the money, with anything beyond a “red zone” of loan sharking. “We need to draw a line between genuine and abuse,” he said. “You will never see the situation of poor people if you look at it through the glasses of profit-making.”

It seems very important that interest rates be transparent, i.e., clearly communicated to and understood by clients. It also is clearly important that there be no coercion, i.e., that clients not be pressured to take loans they don’t want to take. More debatable, but something that we support strongly, are additional measures to assess and improve the client experience, including monitoring overindebtedness, examining dropout rates, etc.

But if/when such things are in place, it is unclear to me on what grounds anyone can complain about interest rates being “too high.” If the terms of loans are clearly communicated, then I see no explanation for why clients would take out loans – unless they feel they have no better alternatives.

What objection can be raised to a 100% interest rate, if the next-best alternative is a 500% interest rate (as I have been told some informal moneylenders charge)? What objection can be raised to a 500% interest rate, if there is no other way for people to get credit? When a loan could result in a sick child’s being treated, or a profitable micro-business, what fee is too high for that benefit?

When MFIs charge more than they need to in order to make a profit, that’s an opportunity for someone else to come in and undercut them. If no one else is coming in, that implies that the costs and difficulty of providing credit in an area may be higher than they appear to an outsider. For an outsider to declare profit margins “too high” strikes me as ungrounded and unproductive, especially when that outsider has not tried to provide credit for less in the same area.

Microfinance exists to improve the lives of the poor. Ideally, then, microfinance institutions would be judged by their effects on people’s lives. Instead, they’re being judged by simplistic financial metrics that crudely attempt to get at the moral uprightness of the organizations. To me that’s a very familiar situation.

I believe the ideal way to evaluate an MFI is to look directly at its impact. When this isn’t possible, proxies for client participation and satisfaction may (debatably) be appropriate. I don’t see any place for universal rules about how much interest can be charged.

Should charity evaluation be “fair”?

| by Holden

One of the goals we do not have is the goal of being “fair” to charities, in the sense expressed in this comment:

You are right on in your focus on provable results, but some areas are much easier to evaluate than others … A bad charity to me is one that is misleading, not transparent, or ineffective in comparison to its peers.

It seems common that people wish to be “fair” to charities, focusing on merit (how well they do what they do) rather than results. (Objections that our process favors large charities often come from a similar place.) How do people trade off merit vs. results in other domains?

  • Investing: if company A looks more likely to be profitable than company B, most people will invest in company A. They won’t give a second’s thought to considerations like “But company B is in a more difficult sector.”
  • Consuming. If you’re buying an iPad, I doubt you’ve worried much about how unfortunate Notion Ink is for not having the brand name, marketing budget and sheer size to compete for your dollars.
  • Sports. Here we take significant steps to “level the playing field.” We are very careful about which advantages (strength, speed) we allow and which (equipment, performance-enhancing drugs) we do not.

We feel strongly that charity evaluation should not be seen as a contest, bringing glory to meritorious charities and dishonor to scams. Instead, it should be seen as a pragmatic way to get money to where it can do as much good as possible. “Merit,” “A good attempt given the difficulty of the problem,” etc. should be left out of the picture.

That’s why we’ve always taken more care to eliminate “false positives” than “false negatives” in our recommendations. If there’s an ineffective charity we recommend, that’s a real problem. If there’s a good one that our process has failed to identify, that may be bad from a “fairness” perspective, but it’s not nearly so problematic for the goal of helping donors accomplish good. Evaluators that are more inclined to give charities the benefit of the doubt probably “wrong,” and anger, fewer charities – but they’re less effective in directing funding to where it will accomplish a great deal of good.

And that’s why we’re unapologetic about our bias toward charities working on tangible, measurable goals. Health is an “easier” sector than economic empowerment for clearly defining goals, tracking progress toward them, learning from mistakes, and ultimately making a positive difference. That’s a reason to prefer health charities, not a reason to “handicap” them. (Note that we do think there can be good reasons to give to “less measurable” causes, including philosophical preferences; more on this in a future post.)

When we spend money on ourselves (investing or consuming), we think exclusively about meeting our own needs and wants. It’s only fair that when we spend money on others (charity), we should think exclusively about meeting theirs.

Microfinance interest rates

(updated on: ) | by Natalie Crispin

One of the more difficult things to understand about the microfinance institutions we’ve investigated is the “true” interest rate they’re charging their borrowers. In July 2009, David Roodman of the Center for Global Development wrote:

It appears that many MFIs impose subtle fees that effectively raise interest rates. Some charge one-time loan origination fees. Some require borrowers to deposit a percentage of each loan amount with the MFI in a savings account that pays interest at a rate lower than that on the loan. Some overcharge for credit-life insurance bundled with the loan. Another criticized practice is to charge interest on the full loan amount even as the outstanding balance declines over the repayment cycle. Such “flat-rate” interest effectively doubles the interest rate compared to “declining-balance” interest since the average balance over the cycle is half the starting amount. Also, MFIs may also prefer to quote their rates on a monthly basis, hoping to exploit borrowers’ ignorance of how a seemingly modest 6 percent per month compounds into 100 percent per year.

Our experience with the microfinance organizations we have investigated to date suggests that these are real issues that donors should be aware of when interpreting interest rate data.

To be clear, we don’t think charging a high interest rate signifies wrongdoing on the part of a microfinance bank. High interest rates may be the best way to minimize losses and serve more people, and client participation at high interest rates may be an indicator that they are getting a service they value. We just want to note how striking the difference is between the initial “cited” interest rate donors often hear about and the “effective” interest rate taking all factors into account.

We recently evaluated a microfinance institution (MFI) in Malawi, the Microloan Foundation, as part of our process for distributing a grant to an economic empowerment charity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Its stated interest rate for its most popular loan type is 20%, but:

  • 20% is the rate over the course of the 4-month loan. The “nominal Annual Percentage Rate (APR)” (a common way of stating interest rates in standardized terms and the rate which U.S. lenders are required to provide to borrowers) of this loan, with no other costs, would therefore be 60%.
  • Interest is calculated as a flat rate. 20% of the whole loan amount is charged each payment, instead of 20% of the remaining loan balance. This method raises the nominal APR from 60% to 93%. On a $100 loan of this type, a borrower would pay $20 in interest compared with only $12.80 on a loan with declining balance interest.
  • Payments are due every two weeks, instead of every month, so that the first payment is due only two weeks after the loan is made. Requiring 8 payments instead of 4 raises the nominal APR from 93% to 102%.
  • The Microloan Foundation requires borrowers to hold 20% of the loan amount in a savings account which cannot be accessed until the loan is repaid. On a loan of $100, this requirement reduces the effective size of the loan to $80, while decreasing the effective size of the last payment due by $20 (because savings are then accessible). The savings requirement raises the APR from 102% to 149%.
  • Arguably, the APR used above (i.e. the “nominal APR”) understates the interest rate people are paying because it does not take into account the compound value of interest. (Wikipedia’s entry on APR has a discussion of the relevant issues.) At relatively low interest rates, such as the interest rates we’re used to in the U.S., the “nominal APR” (what is usually reported) and the “effective APR” (the “mathematically true” interest rate) are usually very close to each other – but at the much higher interest rates charged by microfinance institutions, the “effective APR” can be considerably higher, raising the question of which one should be quoted to give Americans the best picture of what people are being charged. The Microloan Foundation’s nominal APR of 149% is equivalent to an effective APR of 326%.

Not only are these final “effective” interest rates many times bigger than the initial “20%” figure, they’re also significantly higher than would be implied by looking at MLF’s nominal gross portfolio yield according to MixMarket (93% for 2008; Mix Market defines this as interest and fees divided by the gross average loan portfolio ).

MLF doesn’t charge fees on its loans, but other microfinance institutions do, and these can cause further significant increases in the effective interest rate. (For example, adding a 5% fee to the beginning of a loan that without fees would have a nominal APR of 40% raises its nominal APR to 66%.)

From what we’ve seen, fees, compulsory savings, and the flat interest rate method seem to be fairly common among microfinance institutions. Of the 65 MFIs who had submitted a Social Performance Standards Report to Mix Market as of late 2009, 42% use the flat interest rate exclusively, 29% held compulsory savings accounts, and 72% collected fees on at least some loan products (according to their Mix Market profiles).

Understanding the true cost of credit for a borrower is important for reasons discussed previously:

  • High interest rates (combined with high rates of repayment and low drop out rates) show that borrowers are willing to pay a high price for the loan, arguably implying that they value this service.
  • If interest rates are low, microfinance institutions may be effectively giving cash transfers, at which point the mere fact of participation becomes less meaningful, and it becomes more important to ask whom the handouts are going to.
  • On the other hand, the higher the interest rate, the more we worry about whether borrowing is good for the borrowers (and about anecdotes like this one).

A fairly new initiative (started in 2008), MFTransparency, is working to create a more open discussion about microloan pricing, and has compiled and published interest rate data for two countries, Bosnia and Cambodia. We look forward to following the progress of this initiative and to drawing on its data to inform our investigations of microfinance organizations.

Think Before You Give: A new podcast with Elie Hassenfeld and Saundra Schimmelpfennig

(updated on: ) | by Holden

GiveWell has teamed up with Saundra Schimmelpfenig of Good Intentions Are Not Enough to produce Think Before You Give, a podcast aimed at helping to empower and educate donors. We enjoy Saundra’s work and are happy to be working with her on this.

The Think Before You Give website now has the first podcast available. The topic is the use of “administrative costs” in rating charities (an idea that has come under fire lately). The next episode will have an interview with the author of Tales from the Hood.

Also see Saundra’s announcement. We’re interested in feedback & suggestions for the podcast.